Mới đây, một DN gửi chuyển phát nhanh một quyển hộ chiếu của người nước ngoài, nhưng hãng chuyển phát nhanh làm thất lạc.
Chi phí để xin cấp lại hộ chiếu và thiệt hại khác có thể lên tới hàng chục triệu đồng, nhưng hãng chuyển phát nhanh chỉ có trách nhiệm bồi thường 500.000 đồng.
Trong trường hợp nói trên, hãng chuyển phát nhanh đã bày tỏ sự đáng tiếc khi bưu gửi của khách hàng không may nằm trong một tải thư được hãng hàng không thông báo là bị thất lạc. Mặc dù bỏ nhiều thời gian để tìm kiếm, nhưng hãng chuyển phát nhanh không thể tìm lại. Theo quy định trên vận đơn thì với thư chuyển phát nhanh, trách nhiệm bồi thường của hãng tối đa là 500.000 đồng.
Vụ việc này cảnh báo nguy cơ mất mát tài sản là giấy tờ, tài liệu quan trọng được gửi qua dịch vụ chuyển phát nhanh. Trên thực tế, nhiều cá nhân và DN thường xuyên gửi chuyển phát nhanh các giấy tờ quan trọng như bằng cấp, chứng từ thanh toán, hợp đồng, đơn yêu cầu thực hiện nghĩa vụ bảo lãnh…
Chẳng hạn, đối với bảo lãnh của ngân hàng, DN sẽ phải gửi đơn yêu cầu thực hiện nghĩa vụ thanh toán trước khi bảo lãnh đến hạn, nếu đơn này đến muộn thì ngân hàng có lý do để từ chối thanh toán do vi phạm các điều khoản của thư bảo lãnh. Hoặc chứng thư bảo lãnh có ngân hàng chỉ cung cấp một bản duy nhất và nếu chẳng may chứng thư này bị hãng chuyển phát nhanh làm mất thì hàng tỷ đồng của DN có thể sẽ “đi tong”, trong khi hãng chuyển phát chỉ phải bồi thường 500.000 đồng. Đó là chưa kể trường hợp bằng tốt nghiệp đại học vốn chỉ được cấp một lần, nếu mất thì khoản bồi thường của hãng chuyển phát nhanh hầu như vô nghĩa đối với thiệt hại này.
Khoản 1, Điều 546 Bộ luật Dân sự về trách nhiệm bồi thường thiệt hại của bên vận chuyển trong hợp đồng vận chuyển quy định: “Bên vận chuyển phải bồi thường thiệt hại cho bên thuê vận chuyển, nếu để tài sản bị mất mát hoặc hư hỏng”. Khoản 2, Điều 307 Bộ luật Dân sự quy định: “Trách nhiệm bồi thường thiệt hại về vật chất là trách nhiệm bù đắp tổn thất vật chất thực tế, tính được thành tiền do bên vi phạm gây ra, bao gồm tổn thất về tài sản, chi phí hợp lý để ngăn chặn, hạn chế, khắc phục thiệt hại, thu nhập thực tế bị mất hoặc bị giảm sút”.
Nếu theo các quy định của Bộ luật Dân sự thì hãng vận chuyển sẽ phải bồi thường theo thiệt hại thực tế, bao gồm tổn thất tài sản, chi phí ngăn chặn, hạn chế, khắc phục và thu nhập thực tế bị mất hoặc giảm sút. Tuy nhiên, theo tìm hiểu của ĐTCK, các hãng chuyển phát nhanh đều có quy định về mức bồi thường, cơ bản mức bồi thường được căn cứ trên mức giá cước vận chuyển và tỷ lệ thiệt hại thực tế, nhưng không vượt quá giới hạn trách nhiệm bồi thường đối với thiệt hại toàn bộ. Ví dụ, điều khoản bồi thường của một hãng chuyển phát nhanh quy định, nếu mất hoặc hư hại hoàn toàn đối với thư chuyển phát nhanh thì bồi thường 500.000 đồng, đối với hàng hóa chuyển phát nhanh bồi thường 4 lần giá cước và tối thiểu là 500.000 đồng.
Giới hạn trách nhiệm bồi thường này là bao nhiêu? Các hãng chuyển phát nhanh căn cứ vào Điều 40 Luật Bưu chính về nguyên tắc bồi thường thiệt hại trong cung ứng và sử dụng dịch vụ bưu chính: việc bồi thường thiệt hại được xác định trên cơ sở thiệt hại thực tế, nhưng không cao hơn mức giới hạn trách nhiệm bồi thường thiệt hại toàn bộ đối với dịch vụ đó, trừ trường hợp các bên có thoả thuận khác. Mức bồi thường thiệt hại do DN cung ứng dịch vụ bưu chính công bố và áp dụng, nhưng không được thấp hơn mức bồi thường do cơ quan nhà nước có thẩm quyền quy định.
Vấn đề là mức bồi thường do cơ quan nhà nước hiện nay quy định tối thiểu bằng 4 lần cước sử dụng dịch vụ (Điều 25 Nghị định 47/2011/NĐ-CP hướng dẫn Luật Bưu chính) và thường rất thấp so giá trị tài sản, bởi cước dịch vụ chỉ vài chục ngàn đồng.
Được biết, để được bồi thường toàn bộ giá trị bưu gửi thì khách hàng phải mua bảo hiểm vận chuyển, hoặc có điều khoản thỏa thuận khác với hãng chuyển phát nhanh. Do đó, trong trường hợp thư chuyển phát nhanh là giấy tờ, tài liệu quan trọng, người gửi cần phải cân nhắc liệu có nên sử dụng dịch vụ chuyển phát nhanh và nếu sử dụng phải xem xét thỏa thuận về bồi thường, hoặc mua bảo hiểm.
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